Энергоэффективные здания, на англ. языке

INTRODUCTION

The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised conce
s over supply difficulties, exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts (ozone layer depletion, global warming, climate change, etc.). The global contribution from buildings towards energy consumption, both residential and commercial, has steadily increased reaching figures between 20% and 40% in developed countries, and has exceeded the other major sectors: industrial and transportation.
Growth in population, increasing demand for building services and comfort levels, together with the rise in time spent inside buildings, assure the upward trend in energy demand will continue in the future. For this reason, energy efficiency in buildings is today a prime objective for energy policy at regional, national and inte
ational levels. Among building services, the growth in HVAC systems energy use is particularly significant (50% of building consumption and 20% of total consumption in the USA).
The first power effective buildings appeared in the USA and Europe in the 1970th years. To 1988 carry the birth of the concept of Passive House popular today – buildings, consuming less than 15 kW*h energy on square meter a year. For power effective buildings of the previous generation this indicator makes 40-50 kW*ч/ (sq.m*year), 100-150 – for residential buildings of the 1950-1970th years and 250-300 – for old buildings (all values are given for 3400 GSOP –days of the heating period).
The economy of energy is reached, mainly, due to decrease in heatlosses. Besides, founders of passive houses optimize architectural forms taking into account sun and wind influence, minimize possible thermal bridges, improve systems of ventilation and even more often connect "children" to alte
ative energy sources. Today in the world about 40000 passive houses the majority from which is in Europe and the USA are built already. Projecting this situation to the Russian Federation, we will note...

CONCLUSION

Thus, the concept of formation of new types of power effective production buildings consists in providing with architectural and construction and engineering solutions of mode
competitive technologies at the most strict observance of a complex of ecological requirements: economy of land territories at construction and reconstruction of buildings, effective neutralization of harmful allocations and noise from the processing and engineering equipment, providing comfortable working conditions and rest.
The gap between practice of construction of power effective buildings and scientific bases of their creation and design became absolutely intolerant today, and at times has speculative character. Often power effective building is represented as some independent innovative energy saving solutions.
Thus there is undetected that circumstance that these independent decisions can mutually reduce their initial efficiency, and in certain cases even lead to a negative effect. Presently the equipment and technology change so quickly that "experience" simply doesn't manage to be saved up, and "common sense" can easily deceive if he doesn't lean on a scientific method of search of the best decision.
In mode
science a method of search of the best decision is "the system analysis" is the discipline dealing with problems of decision-making in conditions when the choice of alte
ative demands the analysis of difficult information of various physical nature. It is obvious that "the system analysis" has to be fundamentals of methodology of mode
design of power effective buildings.
In 2002 the European Parliament and Council of EU accepted the Directive "Energy Performance of Building" which has seriously toughened requirements to energy efficiency of buildings. According to Directive requirements, by 2020 all new buildings in EU countries have to be close to a power neutrality – that is to consume approximately as much energy, how many they develop. For...