Юридическая любая:преступления, наркомания, терроризм и т.д

INTRODUCTION


Punishment is a topic of increasing importance for citizens and policymakers. Why should we punish criminals? Which theory of punishment is most compelling? Is the death penalty ever justified? These questions and many others are addressed in the most comprehensive examination of all leading approaches, including retribution, deterrence, restorative justice and expressivism and case studies such as domestic violence, youth offenders and sex crimes.
Punishment introduces and defends a new ‘unified’ theory of punishment that brings together multiple purposes such as desert, crime reduction and restoration within one coherent theory that is pluralistic, novel and ground-breaking providing new insights into criminal justice reform.
Punishment is a basic fact of human life. Punishment is imposed in formal and informal settings for a variety of purposes of social control, social change, and order maintenance.
There is an enormous academic and popular literature on punishment. Sociologists and other social scientists have long been interested in the topic of punishment, social control, and the structure of society. Various human rights organizations like Amnesty Inte
ational and Human Rights Watch also provide current reports and commentary about punishment practices throughout most countries of the world.
Punishments vary in their underlying philosophy and form. Major punishment philosophies include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation, and restoration. The form of punishment may be classified as either formal or informal in terms of the organization and legitimate authority of the sanctioning body. Sanctions also vary in their valence or direction. Positive sanctions for “good behavior” include various types of praise, awards, and rewards, whereas negative sanctions are associated with various types of punishments. Our focus on punishment dictates an emphasis on negative sanctions.
The aim of the present work consists in...

CONCLUSION


All societies in the mode
world use punishment for various purposes of social control. Through the threat and application of economic, incapacitative and corporal sanctions, both industrial and developing societies have been able to maintain social order, regulate interpersonal and inte
ational relations, and minimize threats to the existing authority. From a comparative perspective, the interesting question is the generalizability of these practices over countries and geographical regions.
In other words, are punishment responses uniform across context.
There are the following types of punishment or theories of criminal justice:
Retribution – State-sanctioned punishment done to vent society’s sense of outrage and need for revenge; deserves to be separated from the rest of society.
Rehabilitation – Separate person to correct them; teach them what is acceptable so that upon their retu
to society, will conform behavior to societal norms.
Restraint / Incapacitation– Incarcerate to prevent them from causing harm during time of their incarceration.
General Deterrence – Punishment to deter persons other than the criminal from committing similar crimes for fear of incurring the same punishment.
Specific Deterrence – To punish the specific individual and deter the specific individual from committing future crimes.
Public Education – Publicity attending the trial, conviction, and punishment of some criminals serves to educate the public to distinguish good and bad conduct and to develop respect for the law, etc.